A new name has entered many of the conversations around big data recently. Some see the popular newcomer Apache Spark™ as a more accessible and more powerful replacement for Hadoop, big data's original technology of choice. Others recognize Spark as a powerful complement to Hadoop and other more established technologies, with its own set of strengths, quirks and limitations.
Spark, like other big data tools, is powerful, capable, and well-suited to tackling a range of data challenges. Spark, like other big data technologies, is not necessarily the best choice for every data processing task.
In this report, we introduce Spark and explore some of the areas in which its particular set of capabilities show the most promise. We discuss the relationship to Hadoop and other key technologies, and provide some helpful pointers so that you can hit the ground running and confidently try Spark for yourself.
Spark began life in 2009 as a project within the AMPLab at the University of California, Berkeley. More specifically, it was born out of the necessity to prove out the concept of Mesos, which was also created in the AMPLab. Spark was first discussed in the Mesos white paper titled Mesos: A Platform for Fine-Grained Resource Sharing in the Data Center, written most notably by Benjamin Hindman and Matei Zaharia.
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From the beginning, Spark was optimized to run in memory, helping process data far more quickly than alternative approaches like Hadoop's MapReduce, which tends to write data to and from computer hard drives between each stage of processing. Its proponents claim that Spark running in memory can be 100 times faster than Hadoop MapReduce, but also 10 times faster when processing disk-based data in a similar way to Hadoop MapReduce itself. This comparison is not entirely fair, not least because raw speed tends to be more important to Spark's typical use cases than it is to batch processing, at which MapReduce-like solutions still excel.
Spark became an incubated project of the Apache Software Foundation in 2013, and early in 2014, Apache Spark was promoted to become one of the Foundation's top-level projects. Spark is currently one of the most active projects managed by the Foundation, and the community that has grown up around the project includes both prolific individual contributors and well-funded corporate backers such as Databricks, IBM and China's Huawei.
Spark is a general-purpose data processing engine, suitable for use in a wide range of circumstances. More than the fairy download. Interactive queries across large data sets, processing of streaming data from sensors or financial systems, and machine learning tasks tend to be most frequently associated with Spark. Developers can also use it to support other data processing tasks, benefiting from Spark's extensive set of developer libraries and APIs, and its comprehensive support for languages such as Java, Python, R and Scala. Spark is often used alongside Hadoop's data storage module, HDFS, but can also integrate equally well with other popular data storage subsystems such as HBase, Cassandra, MapR-DB, MongoDB and Amazon's S3.
There are many reasons to choose Spark, but three are key:
- Simplicity: Spark's capabilities are accessible via a set of rich APIs, all designed specifically for interacting quickly and easily with data at scale. These APIs are well documented, and structured in a way that makes it straightforward for data scientists and application developers to quickly put Spark to work;
- Speed: Spark is designed for speed, operating both in memory and on disk. In 2014, Spark was used to win the Daytona Gray Sort benchmarking challenge, processing 100 terabytes of data stored on solid-state drives in just 23 minutes. The previous winner used Hadoop and a different cluster configuration, but it took 72 minutes. This win was the result of processing a static data set. Spark's performance can be even greater when supporting interactive queries of data stored in memory, with claims that Spark can be 100 times faster than Hadoop's MapReduce in these situations;
- Support: Spark supports a range of programming languages, including Java, Python, R, and Scala. Although often closely associated with Hadoop's underlying storage system, HDFS, Spark includes native support for tight integration with a number of leading storage solutions in the Hadoop ecosystem and beyond. Additionally, the Apache Spark community is large, active, and international. A growing set of commercial providers including Databricks, IBM, and all of the main Hadoop vendors deliver comprehensive support for Spark-based solutions.
A wide range of technology vendors have been quick to support Spark, recognizing the opportunity to extend their existing big data products into areas such as interactive querying and machine learning, where Spark delivers real value. Well-known companies such as IBM and Huawei have invested significant sums in the technology, and a growing number of startups are building businesses that depend in whole or in part upon Spark. Dean guitar serial number decoder. In 2013, for example, the Berkeley team responsible for creating Spark founded Databricks, which provides a hosted end-to-end data platform powered by Spark.
The company is well-funded, having received $47 million across two rounds of investment in 2013 and 2014, and Databricks employees continue to play a prominent role in improving and extending the open source code of the Apache Spark project.
The major Hadoop vendors, including MapR, Cloudera and Hortonworks, have all moved to support Spark alongside their existing products, and each is working to add value for their customers.
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Elsewhere, IBM, Huawei and others have all made significant investments in Apache Spark, integrating it into their own products and contributing enhancements and extensions back to the Apache project.
Web-based companies like Chinese search engine Baidu, e-commerce operation Alibaba Taobao, and social networking company Tencent all run Spark-based operations at scale, with Tencent's 800 million active users reportedly generating over 700 TB of data per day for processing on a cluster of more than 8,000 compute nodes. Hakaioh king of crusher iso download full.
In addition to those web-based giants, pharmaceutical company Novartis depends upon Spark to reduce the time required to get modeling data into the hands of researchers, while ensuring that ethical and contractual safeguards are maintained.
Spark is a general-purpose data processing engine, an API-powered toolkit which data scientists and application developers incorporate into their applications to rapidly query, analyze and transform data at scale. Spark's flexibility makes it well-suited to tackling a range of use cases, and it is capable of handling several petabytes of data at a time, distributed across a cluster of thousands of cooperating physical or virtual servers. Typical use cases include:
- Stream processing: From log files to sensor data, application developers increasingly have to cope with 'streams' of data. This data arrives in a steady stream, often from multiple sources simultaneously. While it is certainly feasible to allow these data streams to be stored on disk and analyzed retrospectively, it can sometimes be sensible or important to process and act upon the data as it arrives. Streams of data related to financial transactions, for example, can be processed in real time to identify--and refuse--potentially fraudulent transactions.
- Machine learning: As data volumes grow, machine learning approaches become more feasible and increasingly accurate. Software can be trained to identify and act upon triggers within well-understood data sets before applying the same solutions to new and unknown data. Spark's ability to store data in memory and rapidly run repeated queries makes it well-suited to training machine learning algorithms. Running broadly similar queries again and again, at scale, significantly reduces the time required to iterate through a set of possible solutions in order to find the most efficient algorithms.
- Interactive analytics: Rather than running pre-defined queries to create static dashboards of sales or production line productivity or stock prices, business analysts and data scientists increasingly want to explore their data by asking a question, viewing the result, and then either altering the initial question slightly or drilling deeper into results. This interactive query process requires systems such as Spark that are able to respond and adapt quickly.
- Data integration: Data produced by different systems across a business is rarely clean or consistent enough to simply and easily be combined for reporting or analysis. Extract, transform, and load (ETL) processes are often used to pull data from different systems, clean and standardize it, and then load it into a separate system for analysis. Spark (and Hadoop) are increasingly being used to reduce the cost and time required for this ETL process.
Working with big data can be complex and challenging, in part because of the multiple analysis frameworks and tools required. Apache Spark is a big data processing framework perfect for analyzing near-real-time streams and discovering historical patterns in batched data sets. But Spark goes much further than other frameworks. By including machine learning and graph processing capabilities, it makes many specialized data processing platforms obsolete. Spark's unified framework and programming model significantly lowers the initial infrastructure investment, and Spark's core abstractions are intuitive for most Scala, Java, and Python developers.
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